退货时对平均价格估值的影响

Average cost valuation (AVCO) is an inventory valuation method that evaluates cost based on the total cost of goods bought or produced during a period, divided by the total number of items on-hand. Inventory valuation is used to:

• reflect the value of a company’s assets;

• keep track of the amount of unsold goods;

• account for monetary value in goods that have yet to generate profit;

• report on flow of goods throughout the quarter.

Because AVCO uses the weighted average to evaluate the cost, it is a good fit for companies that sell only a few different products in large quantities. In Odoo, this costing analysis is automatically updated each time products are received.

Thus, when shipments are returned to their supplier, Odoo automatically generates accounting entries to reflect the change in inventory valuation. However, Odoo does not automatically update the AVCO calculation, because this can potentially create inconsistencies with inventory valuation.

注解

This document addresses a specific use case for theoretical purposes. For instructions on how to set up and use AVCO, refer to the inventory valuation configuration doc.

另请参阅

• Using inventory valuation

• Other inventory valuation methods

配置

To use average cost inventory valuation on a product, navigate to Inventory ‣ Configuration ‣ Product Categories and select the category that will be using AVCO. On the product category page, set Costing Method to Average Cost (AVCO) and Inventory Valuation to Automated.

另请参阅

Inventory valuation configuration

库存平均价格估值

The average cost method adjusts the inventory valuation when products are received in the warehouse. This section explains how it works, but if the explanation is unnecessary, skip to the return to supplier use case section.

公式

当新产品到达仓库时，新的平均成本将重新计算为：

\[Avg~Cost = \frac{(Old~Qty \times Old~Avg~Cost) + (Incoming~Qty \times Purchase~Price)}{Final~Qty}\]

• Old Qty: product count in stock before receiving the new shipment;

• Old Avg Cost: calculated average cost for a single product from the previous inventory valuation;

• Incoming Qty: count of products arriving in the new shipment;

• Purchase Price: estimated price of products at the reception of products (since vendor bills may arrive later). The amount includes not only the price for the products, but also added costs, such as shipping, taxes, and landed costs. At reception of the vendor bill, this price is adjusted;

• Final Qty: quantity of on-hand stock after the stock move.

重要

When products leave the warehouse, the average cost does not change. Read about why the average cost valuation is not adjusted here.

平均成本的定义

To understand how the average cost of a product changes with each shipment, consider the following table of warehouse operations and stock moves. Each is a different example of how the average cost valuation is affected.

操作	库存价值	库存价值	现有数量	平均成本
		$0	0	$0
以$10的价格收到8个产品	8 * $10	$80	8	$10
以 $16 收到 4 个产品	4 * $16	$144	12	$12
交付10个产品	-10 * $12	$24	2	$12

Exercise

Ensure comprehension of the above computations by reviewing the “Receive 8 tables at $10/unit” example.

Initially, the product stock is 0, so all values are $0.

In the first warehouse operation, 8 tables are received at $10 each. The average cost is calculated using the formula:

\[Avg~Cost = \frac{0 + 8 \times $10}{8} = \frac{$80}{8} = $10\]

• Since the incoming quantity of tables is 8 and the purchase price for each is $10,

• The inventory value in the numerator is evaluated to $80;

• $80 is divided by the total amount of tables to store, 8;

• $10 is the average cost of a single table from the first shipment.

To verify this in Odoo, in the Purchase app, order 8 quantities of a new product, Table, with no previous stock moves, for $10 each.

In the table’s Product Category field in the General Information tab of the product form, click the ➡️ (arrow) icon, to open an External Link to edit the product category. Set the Costing Method to Average Cost (AVCO) and Inventory Valuation to Automated.

Then, return to the purchase order. Click Confirm Order, and click Receive Products to confirm receipt.

Next, check the inventory valuation record generated by the product reception by navigating to Inventory ‣ Reporting ‣ Inventory Valuation. Select the drop-down for Table, and view the Total Value column for the valuation layer (inventory valuation at a specific point in time = on-hand quantity * unit price). The 8 tables in-stock are worth $80.

小技巧

When the product category’s Costing Method is set to AVCO, then the average cost of a product is also displayed on the Cost field, under the General Information tab, on the product page itself.

Product delivery (use case)

For outgoing shipments, outbound products have no effect on the average cost valuation. Although the average cost valuation is not recalculated, the inventory value still decreases because the product is removed from stock and delivered to the customer location.

Exercise

To demonstrate that the average cost valuation is not recalculated, examine the “Deliver 10 tables” example.

\[Avg~Cost = \frac{12 \times $12 + (-10) \times $12}{12-10} = \frac{24}{2} = $12\]

1. Because 10 tables are being sent out to customers, the incoming quantity is -10. The previous average cost ($12) is used in lieu of a vendor’s purchase price;

2. The incoming inventory value is -10 * $12 = -$120;

3. The old inventory value ($144) is added to the incoming inventory value (-$120), so $144 + -$120 = $24;

4. Only 2 tables remain after shipping out 10 tables from 12. So the current inventory value ($24) is divided by the on-hand quantity (2);

5. $24 / 2 = $12, which is the same average cost as the previous operation.

To verify this in Odoo, sell 10 tables in the Sales app, validate the delivery, and then review the inventory valuation record by going to in Inventory ‣ Reporting ‣ Inventory Valuation. In the topmost valuation layer, delivering 10 tables reduces the product’s value by -$120.

Note: What is not represented in this stock valuation record is the revenue made from this sale, so this decrease is not a loss to the company.

Return items to supplier (use case)

Because the price paid to suppliers can differ from the price the product is valued at with the AVCO method, Odoo handles returned items in a specific way.

1. Products are returned to suppliers at the original purchase price, but;

2. 发票的顺序保持不变。

The above example table is updated as follows:

操作	Qty*Avg Cost	库存价值	现有数量	平均成本
		$24	2	$12
返回最初以$10购买的1个产品	-1 * $12	$12	1	$12

In other words, returns to vendors are perceived by Odoo as another form of a product exiting the warehouse. To Odoo, because the table is valued at $12 per unit, the inventory value is reduced by $12 when the product is returned; the initial purchase price of $10 is unrelated to the table’s average cost.

Example

To return a single table that was purchased for $10, navigate to the receipt in the Inventory app for the 8 tables purchased in Exercise 1 by going to the Inventory Overview, clicking on Receipts, and selecting the desired receipt.

Then, click Return on the validated delivery order, and modify the quantity to 1 in the reverse transfer window. This creates an outgoing shipment for the table. Select Validate to confirm the outgoing shipment.

Return to Inventory ‣ Reporting ‣ Inventory Valuation to see how the outgoing shipment decreases the inventory value by $12.

Eliminate stock valuation errors in outgoing products

Inconsistencies can occur in a company’s inventory when the average cost valuation is recalculated on outgoing shipments.

To demonstrate this error, the table below displays a scenario in which 1 table is shipped to a customer and another is returned to a supplier at the purchased price.

操作	Qty*Price	库存价值	现有数量	平均成本
		$24	2	$12
将发票发送给客户	-1 * $12	$12	1	$12
退回一件最初以10美元购买的产品	-1 * $10	$2	0	$12

In the final operation above, the final inventory valuation for the table is $2 even though there are 0 tables left in stock.

Correct method

Use the average cost to value the return. This does not mean the company gets $12 back for a $10 purchase; the item returned for $10 is valued internally at $12. The inventory value change represents a product worth $12 no longer being accounted for in company assets.

使用盎格鲁-撒克逊会计

In addition to using AVCO, companies that use Anglo-Saxon accounting also keep a holding account that tracks the amount to be paid to vendors. Once a vendor delivers an order, inventory value increases based on the vendor price of the products that have entered the stock. The holding account (called stock input) is credited and only reconciled once the vendor bill is received.

另请参阅

• Anglo-Saxon vs. Continental

The table below reflects journal entries and accounts. The stock input account stores the money intended to pay vendors when the vendor bill has not yet been received. To balance accounts when returning products that have a price difference between the price the product is valued at and the price it was bought for, a price difference account is created.

操作	库存输入	价格差异	库存价值	现有数量	平均成本
			$0	0	$0
以$10的价格收到8个产品	($80)		$80	8	$10
收到供应商账单 $80	$0		$80	8	$10
以 $16 收到 4 个产品	($64)		$144	12	$12
收到供应商账单 $64	$0		$144	12	$12
向客户重新开具费用发票	$0		$24	2	$12
返回最初以$10购买的1个产品	$10	$2	$12	1	$12
收到供应商退款 $10	$0	$2	$12	1	$12

产品利润率

摘要

At product reception, Odoo ensures companies can pay for goods that were purchased by preemptively moving an amount matching the price of received goods into the liability account, Stock Input. Then, once the bill has been received, the amount in the holding account is transferred to Accounts Payable. Transfers into this account means the bill has been paid. Stock Input is reconciled once the vendor bill is received.

Inventory valuation is a method of calculating how much each in-stock product is worth internally. Since there is a difference between the price the product is valuated at and the price the product was actually purchased for, the Inventory Valuation account is unrelated to the crediting and debiting operations of the Stock Input account.

To conceptualize all this, follow the breakdown below.

Accounts balanced at received products

In this example, a company starts with zero units of a product, table, in stock. Then, 8 tables are received from the vendor:

1. The Stock Input account stores $80 of credit owed to the vendor. The amount in this account is unrelated to the inventory value.

2. $80 worth of tables came in (debit the Inventory Value account $80), and

3. $80 must be paid out for received goods (credit the Stock Input account $80).

Odoo 应用程序

Odoo generates an accounting journal entry when shipments that use AVCO costing method are received. Configure a Price Difference Account by selecting the ➡️ (arrow) icon next to the Product Category field on the product page.

Under Account Properties, create a new Price Difference Account by typing in the name of the account and clicking Create and Edit. Then set the account Type as Expenses, and click Save.

Then, receive the shipment in the Purchase app or Inventory app, and navigate to the Accounting app ‣ Accounting ‣ Journal Entries. In the list, find the Reference that matches the warehouse reception operation for the relevant product.

Click on the line for 8 tables. This accounting journal entry shows that when the 8 tables were received, the Stock Valuation account increased by $80. Conversely, the Stock Input account (set as Stock Interim (Received) account by default) is credited $80.

应收账款和应付账款

In this example, a company starts with zero units of a product, table, in stock. Then, 8 tables are received from the vendor. When the bill is received from vendor for 8 tables:

1. Use $80 in the Stock Input account to pay the bill. This cancels out and the account now holds $0.

2. Debit Stock Input $80 (to reconcile this account).

3. Credit Accounts payable $80. This account stores the amount the company owes others, so accountants use the amount to write checks to vendors.

Odoo 应用程序

Once the vendor requests payment, navigate to the Purchase app ‣ Orders ‣ Purchase and select the PO for 8 tables. Inside the PO, select Create Bill.

Switch to the Journal Items tab to view how $80 is transferred from the holding account, Stock Interim (Received) to Accounts Payable. Confirm the bill to record the payment to the vendor.

SAT产品代码

In the above example table, when 10 products are delivered to a customer, the Stock Input account is untouched because there are no new products coming in. To put it simply:

1. Inventory valuation is credited $120. Subtracting from inventory valuation represents $120 worth of products exiting the company.

2. Debit Accounts Receivable to record revenue from the sale.

Understand Anglo-Saxon expensing

In the accounting journal entry invoicing a customer for 10 tables, the accounts Product Sales, Tax Received, and Accounts Receivable all pertain to the sale of the product. Accounts Receivable is the account where the customer payment will be received.

Anglo-Saxon accounting recognizes the cost of goods sold (COGS) once the sale is made. So, up until the product is sold, scrapped, or returned, costs of keeping the product in stock are not accounted for. The Expense account is debited $120 to log the costs of storing 10 tables during this period of time.

SAT产品代码

In the above example table, when returning 1 product to a vendor purchased at $10, a company expects $10 in the Accounts Payable account from the vendor. However, Stock Input account must be debited $12 because the average cost is $12 at the time of the return. The missing $2 is accounted for in the Price Difference Account, which is set up in the product’s Product Category.

注解

Behavior of price difference accounts varies from localization. In this case, the account is intended to store differences between vendor price and automated inventory valuation methods.

摘要：

1. Debit Stock Input account $10 to move the table from stock to stock input. This move is to indicate that the table is to be processed for an outgoing shipment.

2. Debit Stock Input an additional $2 to account for the Price Difference.

3. Credit Stock Valuation $12 because the item is leaving the stock.

Once the vendor’s refund is received,

1. Credit Stock Input account $10 to reconcile the price of the table.

2. Debit Accounts Payable $10 to have the accountants collect and register the payment in their journal.